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No longer exists
This structure no longer exists today – this entry tells its story.
© Wirtz · Public domain

Heiliggeisthaus

Cologne's central medieval hospital for the poor, once standing on the cathedral square where the Dom Hotel stands today.

Long before organized charity became institutionalized, this house served as Cologne's main refuge for the sick and destitute, run by a brotherhood devoted to the Holy Spirit as "father of the poor."

At a Glance

Type
hospital and almshouse (no longer standing)
Location
at the Domhof next to the Hacht, on today's cathedral square (Altstadt-Nord, Innenstadt district)
First mentioned
around 1056
Operator
a brotherhood under the patronage of the Holy Spirit
Facilities
its own bakery and brewery
Distinction
oldest known seal of a social institution (between 1267 and 1281)
End
demolished before 1845 to make way for the Dom Hotel
Did you know?

The Heiliggeisthaus produced the oldest known seal of any social institution, dating from between 1267 and 1281.

Origins at the Domhof

The hospital likely fell under the authority of the cathedral chapter and may be identical to the one founded by Archbishop Anno II after 1056, which housed a xenodochium. It first appears in written records in a shrine charter from around 1170.

© Arnold Mercator († 1587) · Public domain

Hub of Poor Relief

By the 12th century, the Heiliggeisthaus had taken on citywide responsibility for poor relief. Its scale is striking: by 1254, sources describe crowds of poor and sick gathering there, and from 1305 it distributed alms as the city's central point—though only to "house-poor" residents supported within its walls. Even after the founding brotherhood declined after 1310, the institution itself remained Cologne's foremost address for the poor and ill.

© Johann Valentin Reinhardt (1712-1769), Kölner Stadtplan, Nürnberg 1752 · Public domain

Endowments and Wealth

The sheer number of people it supported points to substantial resources. Donated money regularly flowed into houses, land, and rents to secure ongoing care, and wealthy cathedral canons remembered the house in their wills. Between 1310 and 1350, of 38 detailed testaments granting bequests, 26 named hospitals and 24 named the poor—twelve of the latter went to the Heiliggeisthaus alone. Between 1563 and 1588 it was Cologne's largest ecclesiastical creditor of rents, and in 1614 it acquired the Schiffhof estate at Höningen through a bequest from Elisabeth von Krebs.

The Building

Seen from the east, a pointed archway flanked by two tall lancet windows led inside, with a row of three small round-arched windows above and a cross crowning the small gabled roof over the chapel. After a fire in 1463, the chapel and hospital were rebuilt by 1478. The Hacht adjoined it on one side, a guesthouse on the other, with the caretaker's house behind. Arnold Mercator's 1570 city view shows the hospital on the south side of the cathedral, in the western part of the Domhof.

End in the French Era

Secularization sealed its fate: a prefectural decree of 17 January 1802 transferred administration to the poorhouse's charity office, and on 23 September 1802 its status as an institution was formally abolished. Sold around 1840, the site gave way to the Dom Hotel, which opened on 28 November 1857.

Timeline

  1. um 1056
    First mentioned; possibly built by Archbishop Anno II with a xenodochium
  2. um 1170
    First documentary mention in a Schreinskarte
  3. 1254
    Mentioned as refuge for many poor and sick of the city
  4. zwischen 1267 und 1281
    Oldest known seal of a social institution preserved
  5. 1305
    Becomes central alms distribution point for the house-poor
  6. 1308
    Donation of two wooden houses by the sons of Hermann Albus
  7. 1310–1350
    38 wills with bequests, twelve exclusively for the Heiliggeisthaus
  8. 1455
    Document names three provisors of the hospital
  9. 1463
    Chapel and hospital burn down, rebuilt before 1478
  10. 1563–1588
    Largest ecclesiastical rent creditor in the city of Cologne
  11. 1614
    Acquisition of Schiffhof zu Höningen via Elisabeth von Krebs's endowment
  12. 1802
    Administration transferred (17 January), status abolished (23 September)
  13. um 1840
    Building sold
  14. 1857
    Opening of the Dom-Hotel built on its site

Map

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